Storing data contiguously in a dispersed storage network

ABSTRACT

A method for execution by a dispersed storage and task (DST) processing unit includes generating a plurality of encoded slices of a data object by performing an encoding function on the data object. Slice stream data is generated that includes a plurality of mutually exclusive slice subsets of the plurality of encoded slices, where each of the plurality of slice subsets is assigned to a corresponding one of a plurality of storage units, and where the encoded slices of each slice subset correspond to contiguous segments of the data object. A plurality of write requests that include the plurality of encoded slices are generated, each for transmission to the corresponding one of the plurality of storage units indicated by the slice stream data via a network.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present U.S. Utility patent application claims priority pursuant to 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/314,839, entitled “PROCESSING AN ENCODED DATA SLICE IN A DISPERSED STORAGE NETWORK”, filed Mar. 29, 2016, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety and made part of the present U.S. Utility patent application for all purposes.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

Not applicable.

INCORPORATION-BY-REFERENCE OF MATERIAL SUBMITTED ON A COMPACT DISC

Not applicable.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Technical Field of the Invention

This invention relates generally to computer networks and more particularly to dispersing error encoded data.

Description of Related Art

Computing devices are known to communicate data, process data, and/or store data. Such computing devices range from wireless smart phones, laptops, tablets, personal computers (PC), work stations, and video game devices, to data centers that support millions of web searches, stock trades, or on-line purchases every day. In general, a computing device includes a central processing unit (CPU), a memory system, user input/output interfaces, peripheral device interfaces, and an interconnecting bus structure.

As is further known, a computer may effectively extend its CPU by using “cloud computing” to perform one or more computing functions (e.g., a service, an application, an algorithm, an arithmetic logic function, etc.) on behalf of the computer. Further, for large services, applications, and/or functions, cloud computing may be performed by multiple cloud computing resources in a distributed manner to improve the response time for completion of the service, application, and/or function. For example, Hadoop is an open source software framework that supports distributed applications enabling application execution by thousands of computers.

In addition to cloud computing, a computer may use “cloud storage” as part of its memory system. As is known, cloud storage enables a user, via its computer, to store files, applications, etc. on an Internet storage system. The Internet storage system may include a RAID (redundant array of independent disks) system and/or a dispersed storage system that uses an error correction scheme to encode data for storage.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING(S)

FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a dispersed or distributed storage network (DSN) in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a computing core in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram of an example of dispersed storage error encoding of data in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a schematic block diagram of a generic example of an error encoding function in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a schematic block diagram of a specific example of an error encoding function in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a schematic block diagram of an example of a slice name of an encoded data slice (EDS) in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 7 is a schematic block diagram of an example of dispersed storage error decoding of data in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 8 is a schematic block diagram of a generic example of an error decoding function in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 9 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a dispersed or distributed storage network (DSN) in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 10 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a decentralized agreement module in accordance with the present invention; and

FIG. 11 is a logic diagram of an example of a method of storing data contiguously in accordance with the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a dispersed, or distributed, storage network (DSN) 10 that includes a plurality of computing devices 12-16, a managing unit 18, an integrity processing unit 20, and a DSN memory 22. The components of the DSN 10 are coupled to a network 24, which may include one or more wireless and/or wire lined communication systems; one or more non-public intranet systems and/or public interne systems; and/or one or more local area networks (LAN) and/or wide area networks (WAN).

The DSN memory 22 includes a plurality of storage units 36 that may be located at geographically different sites (e.g., one in Chicago, one in Milwaukee, etc.), at a common site, or a combination thereof. For example, if the DSN memory 22 includes eight storage units 36, each storage unit is located at a different site. As another example, if the DSN memory 22 includes eight storage units 36, all eight storage units are located at the same site. As yet another example, if the DSN memory 22 includes eight storage units 36, a first pair of storage units are at a first common site, a second pair of storage units are at a second common site, a third pair of storage units are at a third common site, and a fourth pair of storage units are at a fourth common site. Note that a DSN memory 22 may include more or less than eight storage units 36. Further note that each storage unit 36 includes a computing core (as shown in FIG. 2, or components thereof) and a plurality of memory devices for storing dispersed error encoded data.

In various embodiments, each of the storage units operates as a distributed storage and task (DST) execution unit, and is operable to store dispersed error encoded data and/or to execute, in a distributed manner, one or more tasks on data. The tasks may be a simple function (e.g., a mathematical function, a logic function, an identify function, a find function, a search engine function, a replace function, etc.), a complex function (e.g., compression, human and/or computer language translation, text-to-voice conversion, voice-to-text conversion, etc.), multiple simple and/or complex functions, one or more algorithms, one or more applications, etc. Hereafter, a storage unit may be interchangeably referred to as a dispersed storage and task (DST) execution unit and a set of storage units may be interchangeably referred to as a set of DST execution units.

Each of the computing devices 12-16, the managing unit 18, and the integrity processing unit 20 include a computing core 26, which includes network interfaces 30-33. Computing devices 12-16 may each be a portable computing device and/or a fixed computing device. A portable computing device may be a social networking device, a gaming device, a cell phone, a smart phone, a digital assistant, a digital music player, a digital video player, a laptop computer, a handheld computer, a tablet, a video game controller, and/or any other portable device that includes a computing core. A fixed computing device may be a computer (PC), a computer server, a cable set-top box, a satellite receiver, a television set, a printer, a fax machine, home entertainment equipment, a video game console, and/or any type of home or office computing equipment. Note that each managing unit 18 and the integrity processing unit 20 may be separate computing devices, may be a common computing device, and/or may be integrated into one or more of the computing devices 12-16 and/or into one or more of the storage units 36. In various embodiments, computing devices 12-16 can include user devices and/or can be utilized by a requesting entity generating access requests, which can include requests to read or write data to storage units in the DSN.

Each interface 30, 32, and 33 includes software and hardware to support one or more communication links via the network 24 indirectly and/or directly. For example, interface 30 supports a communication link (e.g., wired, wireless, direct, via a LAN, via the network 24, etc.) between computing devices 14 and 16. As another example, interface 32 supports communication links (e.g., a wired connection, a wireless connection, a LAN connection, and/or any other type of connection to/from the network 24) between computing devices 12 & 16 and the DSN memory 22. As yet another example, interface 33 supports a communication link for each of the managing unit 18 and the integrity processing unit 20 to the network 24.

Computing devices 12 and 16 include a dispersed storage (DS) client module 34, which enables the computing device to dispersed storage error encode and decode data as subsequently described with reference to one or more of FIGS. 3-8. In this example embodiment, computing device 16 functions as a dispersed storage processing agent for computing device 14. In this role, computing device 16 dispersed storage error encodes and decodes data on behalf of computing device 14. With the use of dispersed storage error encoding and decoding, the DSN 10 is tolerant of a significant number of storage unit failures (the number of failures is based on parameters of the dispersed storage error encoding function) without loss of data and without the need for a redundant or backup copies of the data. Further, the DSN 10 stores data for an indefinite period of time without data loss and in a secure manner (e.g., the system is very resistant to unauthorized attempts at accessing the data).

In operation, the managing unit 18 performs DS management services. For example, the managing unit 18 establishes distributed data storage parameters (e.g., vault creation, distributed storage parameters, security parameters, billing information, user profile information, etc.) for computing devices 12-14 individually or as part of a group of user devices. As a specific example, the managing unit 18 coordinates creation of a vault (e.g., a virtual memory block associated with a portion of an overall namespace of the DSN) within the DSN memory 22 for a user device, a group of devices, or for public access and establishes per vault dispersed storage (DS) error encoding parameters for a vault. The managing unit 18 facilitates storage of DS error encoding parameters for each vault by updating registry information of the DSN 10, where the registry information may be stored in the DSN memory 22, a computing device 12-16, the managing unit 18, and/or the integrity processing unit 20.

The DSN managing unit 18 creates and stores user profile information (e.g., an access control list (ACL)) in local memory and/or within memory of the DSN memory 22. The user profile information includes authentication information, permissions, and/or the security parameters. The security parameters may include encryption/decryption scheme, one or more encryption keys, key generation scheme, and/or data encoding/decoding scheme.

The DSN managing unit 18 creates billing information for a particular user, a user group, a vault access, public vault access, etc. For instance, the DSN managing unit 18 tracks the number of times a user accesses a non-public vault and/or public vaults, which can be used to generate a per-access billing information. In another instance, the DSN managing unit 18 tracks the amount of data stored and/or retrieved by a user device and/or a user group, which can be used to generate a per-data-amount billing information.

As another example, the managing unit 18 performs network operations, network administration, and/or network maintenance. Network operations includes authenticating user data allocation requests (e.g., read and/or write requests), managing creation of vaults, establishing authentication credentials for user devices, adding/deleting components (e.g., user devices, storage units, and/or computing devices with a DS client module 34) to/from the DSN 10, and/or establishing authentication credentials for the storage units 36. Network administration includes monitoring devices and/or units for failures, maintaining vault information, determining device and/or unit activation status, determining device and/or unit loading, and/or determining any other system level operation that affects the performance level of the DSN 10. Network maintenance includes facilitating replacing, upgrading, repairing, and/or expanding a device and/or unit of the DSN 10.

The integrity processing unit 20 performs rebuilding of ‘bad’ or missing encoded data slices. At a high level, the integrity processing unit 20 performs rebuilding by periodically attempting to retrieve/list encoded data slices, and/or slice names of the encoded data slices, from the DSN memory 22. For retrieved encoded slices, they are checked for errors due to data corruption, outdated version, etc. If a slice includes an error, it is flagged as a ‘bad’ slice. For encoded data slices that were not received and/or not listed, they are flagged as missing slices. Bad and/or missing slices are subsequently rebuilt using other retrieved encoded data slices that are deemed to be good slices to produce rebuilt slices. The rebuilt slices are stored in the DSN memory 22.

FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a computing core 26 that includes a processing module 50, a memory controller 52, main memory 54, a video graphics processing unit 55, an input/output (IO) controller 56, a peripheral component interconnect (PCI) interface 58, an IO interface module 60, at least one IO device interface module 62, a read only memory (ROM) basic input output system (BIOS) 64, and one or more memory interface modules. The one or more memory interface module(s) includes one or more of a universal serial bus (USB) interface module 66, a host bus adapter (HBA) interface module 68, a network interface module 70, a flash interface module 72, a hard drive interface module 74, and a DSN interface module 76.

The DSN interface module 76 functions to mimic a conventional operating system (OS) file system interface (e.g., network file system (NFS), flash file system (FFS), disk file system (DFS), file transfer protocol (FTP), web-based distributed authoring and versioning (WebDAV), etc.) and/or a block memory interface (e.g., small computer system interface (SCSI), internet small computer system interface (iSCSI), etc.). The DSN interface module 76 and/or the network interface module 70 may function as one or more of the interface 30-33 of FIG. 1. Note that the IO device interface module 62 and/or the memory interface modules 66-76 may be collectively or individually referred to as IO ports.

FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram of an example of dispersed storage error encoding of data. When a computing device 12 or 16 has data to store it disperse storage error encodes the data in accordance with a dispersed storage error encoding process based on dispersed storage error encoding parameters. Here, the computing device stores data object 40, which can include a file (e.g., text, video, audio, etc.), or other data arrangement. The dispersed storage error encoding parameters include an encoding function (e.g., information dispersal algorithm (IDA), Reed-Solomon, Cauchy Reed-Solomon, systematic encoding, non-systematic encoding, on-line codes, etc.), a data segmenting protocol (e.g., data segment size, fixed, variable, etc.), and per data segment encoding values. The per data segment encoding values include a total, or pillar width, number (T) of encoded data slices per encoding of a data segment i.e., in a set of encoded data slices); a decode threshold number (D) of encoded data slices of a set of encoded data slices that are needed to recover the data segment; a read threshold number (R)of encoded data slices to indicate a number of encoded data slices per set to be read from storage for decoding of the data segment; and/or a write threshold number (W) to indicate a number of encoded data slices per set that must be accurately stored before the encoded data segment is deemed to have been properly stored. The dispersed storage error encoding parameters may further include slicing information (e.g., the number of encoded data slices that will be created for each data segment) and/or slice security information (e.g., per encoded data slice encryption, compression, integrity checksum, etc.).

In the present example, Cauchy Reed-Solomon has been selected as the encoding function (a generic example is shown in FIG. 4 and a specific example is shown in FIG. 5); the data segmenting protocol is to divide the data object into fixed sized data segments; and the per data segment encoding values include: a pillar width of 5, a decode threshold of 3, a read threshold of 4, and a write threshold of 4. In accordance with the data segmenting protocol, the computing device 12 or 16 divides data object 40 into a plurality of fixed sized data segments (e.g., 1 through Y of a fixed size in range of Kilo-bytes to Tera-bytes or more). The number of data segments created is dependent of the size of the data and the data segmenting protocol.

The computing device 12 or 16 then disperse storage error encodes a data segment using the selected encoding function (e.g., Cauchy Reed-Solomon) to produce a set of encoded data slices. FIG. 4 illustrates a generic Cauchy Reed-Solomon encoding function, which includes an encoding matrix (EM), a data matrix (DM), and a coded matrix (CM). The size of the encoding matrix (EM) is dependent on the pillar width number (T) and the decode threshold number (D) of selected per data segment encoding values. To produce the data matrix (DM), the data segment is divided into a plurality of data blocks and the data blocks are arranged into D number of rows with Z data blocks per row. Note that Z is a function of the number of data blocks created from the data segment and the decode threshold number (D). The coded matrix is produced by matrix multiplying the data matrix by the encoding matrix.

FIG. 5 illustrates a specific example of Cauchy Reed-Solomon encoding with a pillar number (T) of five and decode threshold number of three. In this example, a first data segment is divided into twelve data blocks (D1-D12). The coded matrix includes five rows of coded data blocks, where the first row of X11-X14 corresponds to a first encoded data slice (EDS 1_1), the second row of X21-X24 corresponds to a second encoded data slice (EDS 2_1), the third row of X31-X34 corresponds to a third encoded data slice (EDS 3_1), the fourth row of X41-X44 corresponds to a fourth encoded data slice (EDS 4_1), and the fifth row of X51-X54 corresponds to a fifth encoded data slice (EDS 5_1). Note that the second number of the EDS designation corresponds to the data segment number.

Returning to the discussion of FIG. 3, the computing device also creates a slice name (SN) for each encoded data slice (EDS) in the set of encoded data slices. A typical format for a slice name 80 is shown in FIG. 6. As shown, the slice name (SN) 80 includes a pillar number of the encoded data slice (e.g., one of 1−T), a data segment number (e.g., one of 1−Y), a vault identifier (ID), a data object identifier (ID), and may further include revision level information of the encoded data slices. The slice name functions as, at least part of, a DSN address for the encoded data slice for storage and retrieval from the DSN memory 22.

As a result of encoding, the computing device 12 or 16 produces a plurality of sets of encoded data slices, which are provided with their respective slice names to the storage units for storage. As shown, the first set of encoded data slices includes EDS 1_1 through EDS 5_1 and the first set of slice names includes SN 1_1 through SN 5_1 and the last set of encoded data slices includes EDS 1_Y through EDS 5_Y and the last set of slice names includes SN 1_Y through SN 5_Y.

FIG. 7 is a schematic block diagram of an example of dispersed storage error decoding of a data object that was dispersed storage error encoded and stored in the example of FIG. 4. In this example, the computing device 12 or 16 retrieves from the storage units at least the decode threshold number of encoded data slices per data segment. As a specific example, the computing device retrieves a read threshold number of encoded data slices.

To recover a data segment from a decode threshold number of encoded data slices, the computing device uses a decoding function as shown in FIG. 8. As shown, the decoding function is essentially an inverse of the encoding function of FIG. 4. The coded matrix includes a decode threshold number of rows (e.g., three in this example) and the decoding matrix in an inversion of the encoding matrix that includes the corresponding rows of the coded matrix. For example, if the coded matrix includes rows 1, 2, and 4, the encoding matrix is reduced to rows 1, 2, and 4, and then inverted to produce the decoding matrix.

FIG. 9 is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of a dispersed storage network (DSN) that includes a computing device 16 of FIG. 1, the network 24 of FIG. 1, and a plurality of storage units 1−n. The computing device 16 can include the interface 32 of FIG. 1, the computing core 26 of FIG. 1, and the DS client module 34 of FIG. 1. The computing device 16 can function as a dispersed storage processing agent for computing device 14 as described previously, and may hereafter be interchangeably referred to as a distributed storage and task (DST) processing unit. Each storage unit may be implemented utilizing the storage unit 36 of FIG. 1, and can include a plurality of memory devices 1−k. Each storage unit can include the same number or a different number of memory devices. In various embodiments, each storage unit can function as a dispersed storage and task (DST) execution unit as described previously. The DSN functions to store data contiguously.

In various embodiments, the DSN stores data according to a Slice-Stream strategy. Slice-Stream is a manipulation (a “rearrangement” or “projection”) of data prior to segmentation and dispersal through an encoding operation, such that the resulting collection of slices that go to each storage unit represent contiguous sections of the original data. A DST processing unit can assign encoded slices to storage units in contiguous blocks. For example, a 1 GB file, when dispersed normally in a 10-of-16 IDA with 1 MB segments will result in each storage unit receiving a slice representing 100 KB out of every 1 MB, but each slice held by each storage unit will be missing 900 KB of data in between. Slice-stream, on the other hand, may be setup to provide each of the 16 storage units with 1 GB/16=64 MB of contiguous data taken from the original 1 GB file. This 64 MB of contiguous data is spread over 640 slices. Each storage unit will also hold 36 MB (compromised of 360 slices) of coded data. In various embodiments, the encoded slices can be assigned to storage units implicitly via the output of the encoding function, for example, based on slice name or other namespace information indicated by the encoded slice itself. In various embodiments, the encoding function can take slice stream requirements as parameters, indicating, for example, the number of storage units, the identifiers of storage units, a size requirement for the contiguous segment stored by each storage unit, etc., and generate the encoded slices accordingly. In various embodiments, the encoded slices can be assigned to storage units after being generated based contiguity of their corresponding data segments. The purpose of Slice-Stream is to provide each storage unit with a significant amount of contiguous data, upon which dispersed computation jobs (execution tasks) may be performed by a storage unit, for example, that is operable to function as a dispersed storage and task (DST) execution unit.

In various embodiments, performance of Slice-Stream may be impaired by the fact that all slices representing the contiguous data could be stored on the same memory device of a storage unit. For example, accessing the stream of contiguous data is limited to the speed of a single memory device. To address this limitation, a DST processing unit tasked to store Slice-Stream encoded data can instruct the storage unit to store the various slices of the slice-stream encoded object in a parallelized storage type. This storage type can distribute the slices across many or all of the memory devices within the storage unit, for example, uniformly, using a round robin approach, a Decentralized Agreement Protocol, for example, as depicted in FIG. 10, and/or other deterministic function. Assignment of slices to memory devices of the storage unit can be accomplished, for example via a field in the slice name generated by the encoding function. The encoding function can take memory device storage requirements, such as a number of memory devices, distribution function type and/or parameters, capability of memory devices, etc., as parameters when generating the encoded slices, and the encoded slices can be distributed accordingly. Memory device assignment information can also be included as a parameter in the request to the storage unit. In various embodiments, this step of distributing contiguous encoded slices amongst different memory devices in the storage unit is executed based on performance requirements, for example, when faster access for dispersed computation tasks executed against this data is desired.

As an example, if a storage unit had 64 memory devices, and receives 640 contiguous data slices to store, it can apportion 10 to each of its 64 memory devices. When this data needs to be accessed, the access can be achieved at a rate 64 times faster than if all 640 slices were stored on the same memory device, as only 10, instead of 640 slices would need to be read per memory device.

In various embodiments, the slices of the slice-stream encoded object can be stored via a parallelized storage type by splitting one or more slices and storing its pieces across the memory devices, or distributing the slices themselves, (e.g.) such that some portion of slices ends up on each memory device. In various embodiments, this is achieved via a field of the encoded slice itself, indicating how/where the slice should be split and/or memory device assignment information. In various embodiments the encoded slices outputted by the encoding function include storage unit assignment information only, and are further split and assigned to memory devices of a storage unit for example, uniformly, using a round robin approach, a Decentralized Agreement Protocol, and/or other deterministic function.

Note that in various embodiments, distributing the slices across many memory devices in this manner could reduce the reliability of that data, as there are now more ways a memory device failure could cause loss of slices for that slice stream. To mitigate this, a storage unit can implement another layer of erasure coding across its memory devices, such that at least one memory device failure could be tolerated, while still being able to recover all slices stored in this manner. In various embodiments, the additional layer of erasure coding is performed by the DST processing unit, for example after the first layer of encoding used to generate the encoded slices.

In various embodiments, a processing system of a dispersed storage and task (DST) processing unit includes at least one processor and a memory that stores operational instructions, that when executed by the at least one processor cause the processing system to generate a plurality of encoded slices of a data object by performing an encoding function on the data object. Slice stream data is generated that includes a plurality of mutually exclusive slice subsets of the plurality of encoded slices, where each of the plurality of slice subsets is assigned to a corresponding one of a plurality of storage units, and where the encoded slices of each slice subset correspond to contiguous segments of the data object. A plurality of write requests that include the plurality of encoded slices are generated, each for transmission to the corresponding one of the plurality of storage units indicated by the slice stream data via a network.

In various embodiments, the slice stream data further indicates a mapping of each of the encoded slices of each of the plurality of slice subsets to one of a plurality of memory devices located in the assigned one of the plurality of storage units. In various embodiments, the encoded slices of each of the plurality of slice subsets are mapped according to a uniform distribution amongst the plurality of memory devices located in the assigned one of the plurality of storage units. In various embodiments, the encoded slices are mapped according to the uniform distribution in response to performance requirements. In various embodiments, the encoded slices of each of the plurality of slice subsets are mapped according to at least one of: a round-robin approach or a Decentralized Agreement Protocol (DAP) amongst the plurality of memory devices located in the assigned one of the plurality of storage units. In various embodiments, split slice data corresponding to one of the plurality of encoded slices is generated by splitting the one of the plurality of encoded slices into a plurality of slice pieces. The each of the plurality of slice pieces indicated by the split slice data are mapped to different memory devices located in the assigned one of the plurality of storage units.

In various embodiments, a slice name is associated with each of the plurality of encoded slices, and each of the plurality of encoded slices of each of the plurality of slice subsets is mapped to the one of a plurality of memory devices based on the associated slice name. In various embodiments, a subset of a plurality of possible memory devices located in one of the plurality of storage units is selected based on apportioning requirements. The encoded slices of the slice subset corresponding to the one of the plurality of storage units are each mapped a memory device included in the subset of the plurality of possible memory devices. In various embodiments, the apportioning requirements include information dispersal algorithm (IDA) parameters.

In various embodiments, generating the plurality of encoded slices further includes performing a memory device erasure function on a plurality of partially encoded slices generated by the encoding function. the memory device erasure function is based on a memory device distribution protocol, and the encoded slices of each of the plurality of slice subsets are mapped according to the plurality of memory devices located in the assigned one of the plurality of storage units based on the memory device distribution protocol. In various embodiments, the memory device erasure function is based on a memory device tolerance level, and the memory device erasure function enables the encoded slices of one of the plurality of slice subsets to be recovered by tolerating failure of up to a number of memory devices indicated by the memory device tolerance level. In various embodiments, a slice name is indicated by each of the plurality of encoded slices, and each the plurality of encoded slices is assigned to one of the plurality of slice subsets based on the slice name. In various embodiments, the plurality of encoded slices are generated based on a contiguous segment size requirement, and wherein the number of encoded slices included each slice subset is based on the contiguous segment size requirement. In various embodiments, an access request that indicates the data object is received via the network. The access request is performed by generating a task execution request to only one of the plurality of storage units in response to determining that access to only a contiguous segment of the data object stored in the one of the plurality of storage units is necessary to execute the access request.

FIG. 10 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a decentralized agreement module 350 that includes a set of deterministic functions 1−N, a set of normalizing functions 1−N, a set of scoring functions 1−N, and a ranking function 352. Each of the deterministic function, the normalizing function, the scoring function, and the ranking function 352, may be implemented utilizing the computing core 26 of FIG. 2. The decentralized agreement module 350 may be implemented utilizing any module and/or unit of a dispersed storage network (DSN). For example, the decentralized agreement module is implemented utilizing the distributed storage and task (DST) client module 34 of FIG. 1. In various embodiments, encoded slices corresponding to contiguous data segments will be stored in memory devices of a storage unit as described previously by utilizing the decentralized agreement module.

The decentralized agreement module 350 functions to receive a ranked scoring information request 354 and to generate ranked scoring information 358 based on the ranked scoring information request 354 and other information. The ranked scoring information request 354 includes one or more of an asset identifier (ID) 356 of an asset associated with the request, an asset type indicator, one or more location identifiers of locations associated with the DSN, one or more corresponding location weights, and a requesting entity ID. The asset includes any portion of data associated with the DSN including one or more asset types including a data object, a data record, an encoded data slice, a data segment, a set of encoded data slices, and a plurality of sets of encoded data slices. As such, the asset ID 356 of the asset includes one or more of a data name, a data record identifier, a source name, a slice name, and a plurality of sets of slice names.

Each location of the DSN includes an aspect of a DSN resource. Examples of locations includes one or more of a storage unit, a memory device of the storage unit, a site, a storage pool of storage units, a pillar index associated with each encoded data slice of a set of encoded data slices generated by an information dispersal algorithm (IDA), a DS client module 34 of FIG. 1, a computing device 12-16 of FIG. 1, an integrity unit 20 of FIG. 1, and a managing unit 18 of FIG. 1.

Each location is associated with a location weight based on one or more of a resource prioritization of utilization scheme and physical configuration of the DSN. The location weight includes an arbitrary bias which adjusts a proportion of selections to an associated location such that a probability that an asset will be mapped to that location is equal to the location weight divided by a sum of all location weights for all locations of comparison. For example, each storage pool of a plurality of storage pools is associated with a location weight based on storage capacity. For instance, storage pools with more storage capacity are associated with higher location weights than others. The other information may include a set of location identifiers and a set of location weights associated with the set of location identifiers. For example, the other information includes location identifiers and location weights associated with a set of memory devices of a storage unit when the requesting entity utilizes the decentralized agreement module 350 to produce ranked scoring information 358 with regards to selection of a memory device of the set of memory devices for accessing a particular encoded data slice (e.g., where the asset ID includes a slice name of the particular encoded data slice).

The decentralized agreement module 350 outputs substantially identical ranked scoring information for each ranked scoring information request that includes substantially identical content of the ranked scoring information request. For example, a first requesting entity issues a first ranked scoring information request to the decentralized agreement module 350 and receives first ranked scoring information. A second requesting entity issues a second ranked scoring information request to the decentralized agreement module and receives second ranked scoring information. The second ranked scoring information is substantially the same as the first ranked scoring information when the second ranked scoring information request is substantially the same as the first ranked scoring information request.

As such, two or more requesting entities may utilize the decentralized agreement module 350 to determine substantially identical ranked scoring information. As a specific example, the first requesting entity selects a first storage pool of a plurality of storage pools for storing a set of encoded data slices utilizing the decentralized agreement module 350 and the second requesting entity identifies the first storage pool of the plurality of storage pools for retrieving the set of encoded data slices utilizing the decentralized agreement module 350.

In an example of operation, the decentralized agreement module 350 receives the ranked scoring information request 354. Each deterministic function performs a deterministic function on a combination and/or concatenation (e.g., add, append, interleave) of the asset ID 356 of the ranked scoring information request 354 and an associated location ID of the set of location IDs to produce an interim result. The deterministic function includes at least one of a hashing function, a hash-based message authentication code function, a mask generating function, a cyclic redundancy code function, hashing module of a number of locations, consistent hashing, rendezvous hashing, and a sponge function. As a specific example, deterministic function 2 appends a location ID 2 of a storage pool 2 to a source name as the asset ID to produce a combined value and performs the mask generating function on the combined value to produce interim result 2.

With a set of interim results 1−N, each normalizing function performs a normalizing function on a corresponding interim result to produce a corresponding normalized interim result. The performing of the normalizing function includes dividing the interim result by a number of possible permutations of the output of the deterministic function to produce the normalized interim result. For example, normalizing function 2 performs the normalizing function on the interim result 2 to produce a normalized interim result 2.

With a set of normalized interim results 1−N, each scoring function performs a scoring function on a corresponding normalized interim result to produce a corresponding score. The performing of the scoring function includes dividing an associated location weight by a negative log of the normalized interim result. For example, scoring function 2 divides location weight 2 of the storage pool 2 (e.g., associated with location ID 2) by a negative log of the normalized interim result 2 to produce a score 2.

With a set of scores 1−N, the ranking function 352 performs a ranking function on the set of scores 1−N to generate the ranked scoring information 358. The ranking function includes rank ordering each score with other scores of the set of scores 1−N, where a highest score is ranked first. As such, a location associated with the highest score may be considered a highest priority location for resource utilization (e.g., accessing, storing, retrieving, etc., the given asset of the request). Having generated the ranked scoring information 358, the decentralized agreement module 350 outputs the ranked scoring information 358 to the requesting entity.

FIG. 11 is a flowchart illustrating an example of storing data contiguously. In particular, a method is presented for use in association with one or more functions and features described in conjunction with FIGS. 1-10, for execution by a dispersed storage and task (DST) processing unit that includes a processor or via another processing system of a dispersed storage network that includes at least one processor and memory that stores instruction that configure the processor or processors to perform the steps described below. Step 1102 includes generating a plurality of encoded slices of a data object by performing an encoding function on the data object. Step 1104 includes generating slice stream data that includes a plurality of mutually exclusive slice subsets of the plurality of encoded slices, where each of the plurality of slice subsets is assigned to a corresponding one of a plurality of storage units, and where the encoded slices of each slice subset correspond to contiguous segments of the data object. Step 1106 includes generating a plurality of write requests that include the plurality of encoded slices, each for transmission to the corresponding one of the plurality of storage units indicated by the slice stream data via a network.

In various embodiments, the slice stream data further indicates a mapping of each of the encoded slices of each of the plurality of slice subsets to one of a plurality of memory devices located in the assigned one of the plurality of storage units. In various embodiments, the encoded slices of each of the plurality of slice subsets are mapped according to a uniform distribution amongst the plurality of memory devices located in the assigned one of the plurality of storage units. In various embodiments, the encoded slices are mapped according to the uniform distribution in response to performance requirements. In various embodiments, the encoded slices of each of the plurality of slice subsets are mapped according to at least one of: a round-robin approach or a Decentralized Agreement Protocol (DAP) amongst the plurality of memory devices located in the assigned one of the plurality of storage units. In various embodiments, split slice data corresponding to one of the plurality of encoded slices is generated by splitting the one of the plurality of encoded slices into a plurality of slice pieces. The each of the plurality of slice pieces indicated by the split slice data are mapped to different memory devices located in the assigned one of the plurality of storage units.

In various embodiments, a slice name is associated with each of the plurality of encoded slices, and each of the plurality of encoded slices of each of the plurality of slice subsets is mapped to the one of a plurality of memory devices based on the associated slice name. In various embodiments, a subset of a plurality of possible memory devices located in one of the plurality of storage units is selected based on apportioning requirements. The encoded slices of the slice subset corresponding to the one of the plurality of storage units are each mapped a memory device included in the subset of the plurality of possible memory devices. In various embodiments, the apportioning requirements include information dispersal algorithm (IDA) parameters.

In various embodiments, generating the plurality of encoded slices further includes performing a memory device erasure function on a plurality of partially encoded slices generated by the encoding function. the memory device erasure function is based on a memory device distribution protocol, and the encoded slices of each of the plurality of slice subsets are mapped according to the plurality of memory devices located in the assigned one of the plurality of storage units based on the memory device distribution protocol. In various embodiments, the memory device erasure function is based on a memory device tolerance level, and the memory device erasure function enables the encoded slices of one of the plurality of slice subsets to be recovered by tolerating failure of up to a number of memory devices indicated by the memory device tolerance level. In various embodiments, a slice name is indicated by each of the plurality of encoded slices, and each the plurality of encoded slices is assigned to one of the plurality of slice subsets based on the slice name. In various embodiments, the plurality of encoded slices are generated based on a contiguous segment size requirement, and wherein the number of encoded slices included each slice subset is based on the contiguous segment size requirement. In various embodiments, an access request that indicates the data object is received via the network. The access request is performed by generating a task execution request to only one of the plurality of storage units in response to determining that access to only a contiguous segment of the data object stored in the one of the plurality of storage units is necessary to execute the access request.

In various embodiments, a non-transitory computer readable storage medium includes at least one memory section that stores operational instructions that, when executed by a processing system of a dispersed storage network (DSN) that includes a processor and a memory, causes the processing system to generate a plurality of encoded slices of a data object by performing an encoding function on the data object. Slice stream data is generated that includes a plurality of mutually exclusive slice subsets of the plurality of encoded slices, where each of the plurality of slice subsets is assigned to a corresponding one of a plurality of storage units, and where the encoded slices of each slice subset correspond to contiguous segments of the data object. A plurality of write requests that include the plurality of encoded slices are generated, each for transmission to the corresponding one of the plurality of storage units indicated by the slice stream data via a network.

It is noted that terminologies as may be used herein such as bit stream, stream, signal sequence, etc. (or their equivalents) have been used interchangeably to describe digital information whose content corresponds to any of a number of desired types (e.g., data, video, speech, audio, etc. any of which may generally be referred to as ‘data’).

As may be used herein, the terms “substantially” and “approximately” provides an industry-accepted tolerance for its corresponding term and/or relativity between items. Such an industry-accepted tolerance ranges from less than one percent to fifty percent and corresponds to, but is not limited to, component values, integrated circuit process variations, temperature variations, rise and fall times, and/or thermal noise. Such relativity between items ranges from a difference of a few percent to magnitude differences. As may also be used herein, the term(s) “configured to”, “operably coupled to”, “coupled to”, and/or “coupling” includes direct coupling between items and/or indirect coupling between items via an intervening item (e.g., an item includes, but is not limited to, a component, an element, a circuit, and/or a module) where, for an example of indirect coupling, the intervening item does not modify the information of a signal but may adjust its current level, voltage level, and/or power level. As may further be used herein, inferred coupling (i.e., where one element is coupled to another element by inference) includes direct and indirect coupling between two items in the same manner as “coupled to”. As may even further be used herein, the term “configured to”, “operable to”, “coupled to”, or “operably coupled to” indicates that an item includes one or more of power connections, input(s), output(s), etc., to perform, when activated, one or more its corresponding functions and may further include inferred coupling to one or more other items. As may still further be used herein, the term “associated with”, includes direct and/or indirect coupling of separate items and/or one item being embedded within another item.

As may be used herein, the term “compares favorably”, indicates that a comparison between two or more items, signals, etc., provides a desired relationship. For example, when the desired relationship is that signal 1 has a greater magnitude than signal 2, a favorable comparison may be achieved when the magnitude of signal 1 is greater than that of signal 2 or when the magnitude of signal 2 is less than that of signal 1. As may be used herein, the term “compares unfavorably”, indicates that a comparison between two or more items, signals, etc., fails to provide the desired relationship.

As may also be used herein, the terms “processing module”, “processing circuit”, “processor”, and/or “processing unit” may be a single processing device or a plurality of processing devices. Such a processing device may be a microprocessor, micro-controller, digital signal processor, microcomputer, central processing unit, field programmable gate array, programmable logic device, state machine, logic circuitry, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or any device that manipulates signals (analog and/or digital) based on hard coding of the circuitry and/or operational instructions. The processing module, module, processing circuit, and/or processing unit may be, or further include, memory and/or an integrated memory element, which may be a single memory device, a plurality of memory devices, and/or embedded circuitry of another processing module, module, processing circuit, and/or processing unit. Such a memory device may be a read-only memory, random access memory, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, static memory, dynamic memory, flash memory, cache memory, and/or any device that stores digital information. Note that if the processing module, module, processing circuit, and/or processing unit includes more than one processing device, the processing devices may be centrally located (e.g., directly coupled together via a wired and/or wireless bus structure) or may be distributedly located (e.g., cloud computing via indirect coupling via a local area network and/or a wide area network). Further note that if the processing module, module, processing circuit, and/or processing unit implements one or more of its functions via a state machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic circuitry, the memory and/or memory element storing the corresponding operational instructions may be embedded within, or external to, the circuitry comprising the state machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic circuitry. Still further note that, the memory element may store, and the processing module, module, processing circuit, and/or processing unit executes, hard coded and/or operational instructions corresponding to at least some of the steps and/or functions illustrated in one or more of the Figures. Such a memory device or memory element can be included in an article of manufacture.

One or more embodiments have been described above with the aid of method steps illustrating the performance of specified functions and relationships thereof. The boundaries and sequence of these functional building blocks and method steps have been arbitrarily defined herein for convenience of description. Alternate boundaries and sequences can be defined so long as the specified functions and relationships are appropriately performed. Any such alternate boundaries or sequences are thus within the scope and spirit of the claims. Further, the boundaries of these functional building blocks have been arbitrarily defined for convenience of description. Alternate boundaries could be defined as long as the certain significant functions are appropriately performed. Similarly, flow diagram blocks may also have been arbitrarily defined herein to illustrate certain significant functionality.

To the extent used, the flow diagram block boundaries and sequence could have been defined otherwise and still perform the certain significant functionality. Such alternate definitions of both functional building blocks and flow diagram blocks and sequences are thus within the scope and spirit of the claims. One of average skill in the art will also recognize that the functional building blocks, and other illustrative blocks, modules and components herein, can be implemented as illustrated or by discrete components, application specific integrated circuits, processors executing appropriate software and the like or any combination thereof.

In addition, a flow diagram may include a “start” and/or “continue” indication. The “start” and “continue” indications reflect that the steps presented can optionally be incorporated in or otherwise used in conjunction with other routines. In this context, “start” indicates the beginning of the first step presented and may be preceded by other activities not specifically shown. Further, the “continue” indication reflects that the steps presented may be performed multiple times and/or may be succeeded by other activities not specifically shown. Further, while a flow diagram indicates a particular ordering of steps, other orderings are likewise possible provided that the principles of causality are maintained.

The one or more embodiments are used herein to illustrate one or more aspects, one or more features, one or more concepts, and/or one or more examples. A physical embodiment of an apparatus, an article of manufacture, a machine, and/or of a process may include one or more of the aspects, features, concepts, examples, etc. described with reference to one or more of the embodiments discussed herein. Further, from figure to figure, the embodiments may incorporate the same or similarly named functions, steps, modules, etc. that may use the same or different reference numbers and, as such, the functions, steps, modules, etc. may be the same or similar functions, steps, modules, etc. or different ones.

Unless specifically stated to the contra, signals to, from, and/or between elements in a figure of any of the figures presented herein may be analog or digital, continuous time or discrete time, and single-ended or differential. For instance, if a signal path is shown as a single-ended path, it also represents a differential signal path. Similarly, if a signal path is shown as a differential path, it also represents a single-ended signal path. While one or more particular architectures are described herein, other architectures can likewise be implemented that use one or more data buses not expressly shown, direct connectivity between elements, and/or indirect coupling between other elements as recognized by one of average skill in the art.

The term “module” is used in the description of one or more of the embodiments. A module implements one or more functions via a device such as a processor or other processing device or other hardware that may include or operate in association with a memory that stores operational instructions. A module may operate independently and/or in conjunction with software and/or firmware. As also used herein, a module may contain one or more sub-modules, each of which may be one or more modules.

As may further be used herein, a computer readable memory includes one or more memory elements. A memory element may be a separate memory device, multiple memory devices, or a set of memory locations within a memory device. Such a memory device may be a read-only memory, random access memory, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, static memory, dynamic memory, flash memory, cache memory, and/or any device that stores digital information. The memory device may be in a form a solid state memory, a hard drive memory, cloud memory, thumb drive, server memory, computing device memory, and/or other physical medium for storing digital information.

While particular combinations of various functions and features of the one or more embodiments have been expressly described herein, other combinations of these features and functions are likewise possible. The present disclosure is not limited by the particular examples disclosed herein and expressly incorporates these other combinations. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for execution by a dispersed storage and task (DST) processing unit that includes a processor, the method comprises: generating a plurality of encoded slices of a data object by performing an encoding function on the data object; generating slice stream data that includes a plurality of mutually exclusive slice subsets of the plurality of encoded slices, wherein each of the plurality of slice subsets is assigned to a corresponding one of a plurality of storage units, and wherein the encoded slices of each slice subset correspond to contiguous segments of the data object; and generating a plurality of write requests that include the plurality of encoded slices, each for transmission to the corresponding one of the plurality of storage units indicated by the slice stream data via a network.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the slice stream data further indicates a mapping of each of the encoded slices of each of the plurality of slice subsets to one of a plurality of memory devices located in the assigned one of the plurality of storage units.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the encoded slices of each of the plurality of slice subsets are mapped according to a uniform distribution amongst the plurality of memory devices located in the assigned one of the plurality of storage units.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the encoded slices are mapped according to the uniform distribution in response to performance requirements.
 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the encoded slices of each of the plurality of slice subsets are mapped according to at least one of: a round-robin approach or a Decentralized Agreement Protocol (DAP) amongst the plurality of memory devices located in the assigned one of the plurality of storage units.
 6. The method of claim 2, further comprising: generating split slice data corresponding to one of the plurality of encoded slices by splitting the one of the plurality of encoded slices into a plurality of slice pieces; wherein the each of the plurality of slice pieces indicated by the split slice data are mapped to different memory devices located in the assigned one of the plurality of storage units.
 7. The method of claim 2, wherein a slice name is associated with each of the plurality of encoded slices, and each of the plurality of encoded slices of each of the plurality of slice subsets is mapped to the one of a plurality of memory devices based on the associated slice name.
 8. The method of claim 2, further comprising: selecting a subset of a plurality of possible memory devices located in one of the plurality of storage units based on apportioning requirements; wherein the encoded slices of the slice subset corresponding to the one of the plurality of storage units are each mapped a memory device included in the subset of the plurality of possible memory devices.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the apportioning requirements include information dispersal algorithm (IDA) parameters.
 10. The method of claim 2, wherein generating the plurality of encoded slices further includes performing a memory device erasure function on a plurality of partially encoded slices generated by the encoding function, wherein the memory device erasure function is based on a memory device distribution protocol, and wherein the encoded slices of each of the plurality of slice subsets are mapped according to the plurality of memory devices located in the assigned one of the plurality of storage units based on the memory device distribution protocol.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the memory device erasure function is based on a memory device tolerance level, and wherein the memory device erasure function enables the encoded slices of one of the plurality of slice subsets to be recovered by tolerating failure of up to a number of memory devices indicated by the memory device tolerance level.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein a slice name is indicated by each of the plurality of encoded slices, and wherein each the plurality of encoded slices is assigned to one of the plurality of slice subsets based on the slice name.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of encoded slices are generated based on a contiguous segment size requirement, and wherein the number of encoded slices included each slice subset is based on the contiguous segment size requirement.
 14. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving an access request that indicates the data object via the network; and performing the access request by generating a task execution request to only one of the plurality of storage units in response to determining that access to only a contiguous segment of the data object stored in the one of the plurality of storage units is necessary to execute the access request.
 15. A processing system of a dispersed storage and task (DST) processing unit comprises: at least one processor; a memory that stores operational instructions, that when executed by the at least one processor cause the processing system to: generate a plurality of encoded slices of a data object by performing an encoding function on the data object; generate slice stream data that includes a plurality of mutually exclusive slice subsets of the plurality of encoded slices, wherein each of the plurality of slice subsets is assigned to a corresponding one of a plurality of storage units, and wherein the encoded slices of each slice subset correspond to contiguous segments of the data object; and generate a plurality of write requests that include the plurality of encoded slices, each for transmission to the corresponding one of the plurality of storage units indicated by the slice stream data via a network.
 16. The processing system of claim 15, wherein the slice stream data further indicates a mapping of each of the encoded slices of each of the plurality of slice subsets to one of a plurality of memory devices located in the assigned one of the plurality of storage units.
 17. The processing system of claim 16, wherein the operational instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, further cause the processing system to: generating split slice data corresponding to one of the plurality of encoded slices by splitting the one of the plurality of encoded slices into a plurality of slice pieces; wherein the each of the plurality of slice pieces indicated by the split slice data are mapped to different memory devices located in the assigned one of the plurality of storage units.
 18. The processing system of claim 16, wherein generating the plurality of encoded slices further includes performing a memory device erasure function on a plurality of partially encoded slices generated by the encoding function, wherein the memory device erasure function is based on a memory device distribution protocol, and wherein the encoded slices of each of the plurality of slice subsets are mapped according to the plurality of memory devices located in the assigned one of the plurality of storage units based on the memory device distribution protocol.
 19. The processing system of claim 15, wherein a slice name is indicated by each of the plurality of encoded slices, and wherein each the plurality of encoded slices is assigned to one of the plurality of slice subsets based on the slice name.
 20. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium comprises: at least one memory section that stores operational instructions that, when executed by a processing system of a dispersed storage network (DSN) that includes a processor and a memory, causes the processing system to: generate a plurality of encoded slices of a data object by performing an encoding function on the data object; generate slice stream data that includes a plurality of mutually exclusive slice subsets of the plurality of encoded slices, wherein each of the plurality of slice subsets is assigned to a corresponding one of a plurality of storage units, and wherein the encoded slices of each slice subset correspond to contiguous segments of the data object; and generate a plurality of write requests that include the plurality of encoded slices, each for transmission to the corresponding one of the plurality of storage units indicated by the slice stream data via a network. 